NAD+

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is not a peptide but a pyridine dinucleotide co-enzyme, included here because it is often used alongside research peptides. Tissue NAD+ levels decline with age, underlying interest in supplementation strategies.

NAD+ is the principal hydride acceptor in glycolysis, the citric acid cycle and beta-oxidation, and a required substrate for sirtuins, PARPs and CD38. Substrate availability therefore limits both oxidative ATP production and NAD+-dependent signaling and DNA repair enzymes.

Store the sealed lyophilized vial at 2-8 °C, protected from light; brief exposure to room temperature during shipping is generally tolerated. Refrigerate after reconstitution at 2-8 °C and use within the period supported by stability data for the substance (typically 2-4 weeks). Avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles: each cycle increases the risk of aggregation and hydrolysis of the peptide bond. Do not shake the vial; swirl gently and direct the liquid stream against the glass wall rather than at the powder cake.

• Sealed lyophilized vial, stored as supplied
• Bacteriostatic water (0.9% benzyl alcohol) for reconstitution
• Insulin syringes (29-31G, 0.5 mL / 100 units)
• Reconstitution syringe (1-3 mL, 21-23G needle)
• 70% isopropyl alcohol swabs
• Sharps container for used needles
• Labels and a logbook for batch, date and volume

Human trials of NAD+ precursors (nicotinamide riboside, nicotinamide mononucleotide) show reliable increases in blood NAD+ with good tolerability; clinical efficacy endpoints remain mixed. Direct parenteral NAD+ often causes chest tightness, nausea and flushing with rapid administration, which is why slow infusion is described in the literature.

Wash your hands, then disinfect the vial septum and the injection site with 70% isopropyl alcohol and allow both to air dry. Draw up the intended volume, remove air bubbles and pinch a subcutaneous skin fold. Insert at a 45-90° angle depending on fat thickness, aspiration is not required for subcutaneous administration, and inject slowly. Withdraw the needle, apply light pressure and discard the needle in a sharps container. Rotate injection sites systematically (abdominal quadrants, flanks, thighs) to prevent lipohypertrophy and local irritation.

Peptide research protocols are studied against a background of adequate protein intake (approximately 1.6-2.2 g/kg/day in the training literature), consistent sleep of 7-9 hours, and controlled training load. Sleep deprivation and chronic psychological stress both dampen growth hormone pulsatility and disrupt tissue remodeling, complicating the interpretation of any observed effect. Alcohol, smoking and large caloric deficits are likewise documented modifiers of recovery outcomes.

1. Rajman L. et al. Therapeutic potential of NAD-boosting molecules. Cell Metab, 2018.
2. Martens C.R. et al. Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation in healthy adults. Nat Commun, 2018.
3. Covarrubias A.J. et al. NAD+ metabolism and its roles in cellular processes during ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2021.